Sel

Sel (Biologi)
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
(Dialihkan dari Sel)

Sel merupakan unit organisasi terkecil yang menjadi dasar kehidupan dalam arti biologis. Semua fungsi kehidupan diatur dan berlangsung di dalam sel. Karena itulah, sel dapat berfungsi secara autonom asalkan seluruh kebutuhan hidupnya terpenuhi.

Makhluk hidup (organisme) tersusun dari satu sel tunggal (uniselular), misalnya bakteri, Archaea, serta sejumlah fungi dan protozoa) atau dari banyak sel (multiselular). Pada organisme multiselular terjadi pembagian tugas terhadap sel-sel penyusunnya, yang menjadi dasar bagi hirarki hidup.

Struktur sel dan fungsi-fungsinya secara menakjubkan hampir serupa untuk semua organisme, namun jalur evolusi yang ditempuh oleh masing-masing golongan besar organisme (Regnum) juga memiliki kekhususan sendiri-sendiri. Sel-sel prokariota beradaptasi dengan kehidupan uniselular sedangkan sel-sel eukariota beradaptasi untuk hidup saling bekerja sama dalam organisasi yang sangat rapi.

Sel selaput penyusun umbi bawang bombay (Allium cepa). Tampak dinding sel dan inti sel (berupa noktah di dalam setiap 'ruang'). Perbesaran 400 kali.Daftar isi [sembunyikan]
1 Struktur sel
2 Sejarah penemuan sel
3 Perbedaan sel tumbuhan dan sel hewan
4 Sel-sel khusus
5 Pranala luar


[sunting]
Struktur sel

Secara umum setiap sel memiliki
membran sel,
sitoplasma, dan
inti sel atau nukleus.

[sunting]
Sejarah penemuan sel

Pada awalnya sel digambarkan pada tahun 1665 oleh seorang ilmuwan Inggris Robert Hooke yang telah meneliti irisan tipis gabus melalui mikroskop yang dirancangnya sendiri. Kata sel berasal dari kata bahasa Latincellula yang berarti rongga / ruangan.

Gambaran sel gabus berdasarkan penelitian Robert Hooke



[sunting]
Perbedaan sel tumbuhan dan sel hewan

Sel tumbuhan dan sel hewan mempunyai beberapa perbedaan seperti berikut:Sel tumbuhan Sel hewan
Sel tumbuhan lebih besar daripada sel hewan. Sel hewan lebih kecil daripada sel tumbuhan.
Mempunyai bentuk yang tetap. Tidak mempunyai bentuk yang tetap.
Mempunyai dinding sel. Tidak mempunyai dinding sel.
Mempunyai klorofil. Tidak mempunyai klorofil.
Mempunyai vakuola atau rongga sel yang besar. Tidak mempunyai vakuola, walaupun terkadang sel beberapa hewan uniseluler memiliki vakuola (tapi tidak sebesar yang dimiliki tumbuhan).
Menyimpan tenaga dalam bentuk biji (granul) kanji. Menyimpan makanan dalam bentuk biji (granul) glikogen.
Tidak Mempunyai sentrosom. Mempunyai sentrosom.


[sunting]
Sel-sel khusus
Sel Tidak Berinti, contohnya sel darah merah / eritrosit, trombosit
Sel Berinti Banyak, contohnya paramecium sp
Sel hewan berklorofil, contohnya euglena sp. Euglena sp adalah hewan uniseluler berklorofil.

Perbedaan sel tumbuhan dan sel hewan

Sel tumbuhan dan sel hewan mempunyai beberapa perbedaan seperti berikut: Sel tumbuhan Sel hewan Sel tumbuhan lebih besar daripada sel hewan. Sel hewan lebih kecil daripada sel tumbuhan. Mempunyai bentuk yang tetap. Tidak mempunyai bentuk yang tetap. Mempunyai dinding sel. Tidak mempunyai dinding sel. Mempunyai klorofil. Tidak mempunyai klorofil. Mempunyai vakuola atau rongga sel yang besar. Tidak mempunyai vakuola, walaupun terkadang sel beberapa hewan uniseluler memiliki vakuola (tapi tidak sebesar yang dimiliki tumbuhan). Menyimpan tenaga dalam bentuk biji (granul) kanji. Menyimpan makanan dalam bentuk biji (granul) glikogen. Tidak Mempunyai sentrosom. Mempunyai sentrosom.

How To Make Angklung

1. THE BAMBOO ELECTIONangklung

Bamboo is the material of an Angklung. It is elected by its age. It has to be at least 4 years old and not more than 6 years old. It is cut on the dry season, between 9 am in the morning to 3 pm at the afternoon. After being cut at its base for about 2-3 span of the hand, it will be stored for about 1 week, so that the bamboo will contain less water.

After a week, the bamboo will be separated from its branches. It will be cut into certain various sizes. Then, will be stored for about one year to keep it from termites. Some of the procedures are: by sinking out the bamboo beneath mud field, pool or river, also by smoking it at the fireplace, and the modern procedure: by using a certain liquid chemistry formula.

2. SHAPING PART OF AN ANGKLUNG

Each Angklung consist of 3 parts:

The Voice Tubes
The Voice Tubes are the most important of an angklung, which produce the intonation made. Tuning process makes the intonations.

The Frame
Frame is supporting the voice tubes to stand inside the hollow space.

The Base
It is function as the frame of the voice tubes.

3. TUNING THE VOICE TUBE PROCESS

Half-Done Process
Shaping the bamboo become laths of voice tube.

Resonance Tuning Process
Blowing the lower part of an angklung to the floor and measuring it to the tuner.

Main Voice Tuning Process
Tuning the voice by increasing and decreasing the tone by strike voice. Increasing the tone by cutting its upper parts slightly, and decreasing the tone by shaping both voice laths with shaping knife.

How to Use a Tuner:

Make an attention to both of the lamps at the left and the right of the panel, and also the pointer needle.

For example, if you're going to make an "F" tone, so that when the angklung is shaking, both of the lamps will flame together, and the pointer needle will point the "F" letter.
4. FINISHING

After each of the voice tubes has its tone, then it will be put into the frame laths and being strengthen by tied of rattan.

making angklungmaking angklungmaking angklungmaking angklung

cheat rise of nations

Faster Research and More Resources Verified by: unverified
Bogus Report:

In a quick battle or during a campaign press the 'Enter' key to bring up the chat console and then type 'cheat keys on' (without the quotes) and press 'Enter' again. There will be no dialog box but you will now be able to press the following keys to enable the indicated effect.

+1000 to Each Resource:
Press Alt + F5

Speed Up Creation on Selected Building:
Press Alt + F9
Rate Above Submission: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
id number: 12018 | Verify above submission Valid | Bogus
Tick to add to printer friendly selection. Unlockables Verified by: unverified
Bogus Report:

Press 'Enter' and type in any of the following codes to unlock the corresponding

Sets Difficulty:
Cheat diff (0-5)

Defeat Nation:
Cheat defeat (who)

Force Alliance with Nation:
Cheat ally (who)

Force Encounter with Nation:
Cheat meet (who)

Force Encounter-off with Nation:
Cheat unmeet (who)

Force Peace with Nation:
Cheat peace (who)

Force War with Nation:
Cheat war (who)

Turn Off Computer Control:
Cheat human (who)

Turn On Computer Control:
Cheat computer (who)

Victory for Nation:
Cheat victory (who)

Display Achievements:
Cheat achieve

Sets ALL players to Human:
Cheat sandbox

Drop a Nuke at cross hair position:
Cheat nuke

Drop a Wild Bird at cross hair position:
Cheat bird

Deploys the currently selected unit(s). If Units are being deployed:
Cheat deploy

Packs the currently selected unit(s). If Units are being packed:
Cheat pack

Creates a lot of Machine Guns around every human Capital:
Cheat safe
Rate Above Submission: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
id number: 8682 | Verify above submission Valid | Bogus
Tick to add to printer friendly selection.









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cheat empire earth III

If you're struggling in the game press 'Enter' during gameplay and type in any of the following passwords (without the quotes) to enable the effect.

Enable Cheats:
Enter the password 'cheat'.

Disable Cheats:
Enter the password 'idontcheat'.

Adds 10k of Every Resource:
Enter the password 'Loot'.

Advance to the Next Epoch:
Enter the password 'era up'.

Converts a Selected Unit:
Enter the password 'convert'.

Instant Build Toggle:
Enter the password 'sea monkeys'.

Makes ALL Units and Buildings Invulnerable:
Enter the password 'play god'.

Resources -100:
Enter the password 'taxes'.

Selected Unit -20 HP:
Enter the password 'punish'.

Selected Unit Recharged to 100% Power:
Enter the password 'recharge me'.

Tech Points +50:
Enter the password 'give tech'.

Toggle Max Pop Capacity:
Enter the password 'max pop'.

Win the Scenario:
Enter the password 'win'.

Toggles Fog of War On/Off:
Enter the password 'toggle fog'.

Lots of Cash, Max Pop Capacity, Instant Build and Fog of War Turned Off:
Enter the password 'super cheat'.

Rate Above Submission: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

id number: 11786 | Verify above submission Valid | Bogus
Tick to add to printer friendly selection.

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spore cheat

Cheat Codes

While playing the game, press [Ctrl] + [Shift] + C to display the console window. Then, type one of the following codes and press [Enter] to activate the corresponding cheat function:

Result	Cheat Code
+150 DNA points	addDNA
+2,000 money in Civilization; or +1 million money in Space	moreMoney
Replenish depleted health and other motives	refillMotives
Increases your money in Civilization or Space	moreMoney
Start a new game and choose any creature from the Sporepedia [Note 1]	evoadvantage
Unlock all superweapons for your Civilization type	unlockSuperWeapons
Unlock and recharge all Space mode creation tools	spaceCreate
Unlock all phases; blocks some achievements from being unlocked	levels -unlock
Level cheats	levels
Video cheat	movie
Toggle Free Camera mode	freeCam
Blocky creature form [Note 1]	blocksmode
Set consequence trait	setConsequenceTrait [trait name]
Set rate that pirates will steal spice from your systems	universeSimulatorPirateRaidPlunderFrequency [number]
Set rate that pirates will raid allies in your systems	universeSimulatorPirateRaidAllyFrequency [number]
Set rate that pirates will raid your systems	universeSimulatorPirateRaidFrequency [number]
Set time of day at the Avatar's position; can be used as a speed multiplier	SetTime [1-24],[0-59]
Save spinning GIF image of your planet to "AnimatedAvatars" directory	capturePlanetGIF
Toggle display of user interface in screenshots	toggleCaptureUI
Toggle drawing pause frame	pauseUIVisible
Toggle editor complexity limits creations that break limits will not be pollinated	freedom [on or off]
Toggle monochrome background and creatures [Note 2]	styleFilter -filmNoir
Toggle oil painting background and creatures [Note 2]	styleFilter -oilpaint
Microscope visual style	styleFilter -microscope
No rainbows visual style	styleFilter -norainbows
Next generation visual style	styleFilter -nextgen
Reset view to normal	styleFilter -none
Removes all hints	Killallhints
Display and modify properties	prop
List options	option
List previous commands	history
List console commands	help
Explains action and usage of a command	help [command]
Extended help for commands	help -full
Clear console window	clear
Exit to Windows	quit

Note 1: Requires the v1.01 patch or later.

Note 2: The user interface will still display in color. This does not work in Cell Stage.

Consequence trait names

Use one of the following values with the "setConsequenceTrait [trait name]" code:

cell carnivore
cell_herbivore
cell_omnivore
creature_aggressive
creature_social
creature_mixed
tribe_aggressive
tribe_social
tribe_mixed
civ_military
civ_economic
civ_religious
space_bard
space_ecologist
space_zealot
space_diplomat
space_scientist
space_trader
space_shaman
space_warrior
space_wanderer
space_knight

Will Wright's spinning head

Click on the galaxy to view it. Zoom out and begin spinning the galaxy. After a few seconds, Will Wrights' head will spin out of it.

Easy impressing in Creature phase

During the Creature phase (right out of the tidal pool), you can get additional parts for your creature by impressing the alpha versions of the fellow inhabitants of your world. When you first approach them, sometimes others of their species will join in the game. The more of them there are, the more difficult it can become. Push the alpha away from the nest, and try to solo it out so that you only have to deal with him dancing, singing, etc. against your crew of followers.

Start Tribal phase with domesticated animals

Have members of other tribes in your pack before completing the Creature phase. When you advance to the Tribal phase, they will be transformed into domesticated animals in your tribe's pen.

Easy "Epic Killer" achievement

The only sure way to get this achievement is to lure an Epic into another Epic. Note: Save your game before you get to the battle with the Epics. An Epic creature is much bigger than the usual species. It can one-shot almost anything, even though its attack range of 3-7 is not very powerful to you. Epic creatures have 1,000 health. First, get a Spit weapon with at least 4+ Spit. Spit will lure the Epic towards you, but be careful so you do not get killed. Next, have two or three Pack members (Rogue recommended). Rogues are more powerful than a normal creature, but weaker than an Epic. Rogues have 250 health and do massive damage. Spit at an Epic creature, and make it follow you. Stay at a distance, and lure it to another. Find the two you want to battle. Once they start, find the one that will probably win. Start attacking the one that is about to win. This will increase your chances of getting the achievement. Once the Epic battle is over, the Epic that won and the one you attacked should be down to about 200 health or less. If not, quit to the main menu and restart. Constantly Spit until it is down to less than 10 health. Charge it, then Strike or Bite, and you will win and get the "Epic Killer" achievement. -From: Brian Pken

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